Picture of karl landsteiner blood

Austrian immunologist (1868–1943)

Karl LandsteinerForMemRS^[2] (German:[kaʁlˈlantˌʃtaɪnɐ]; 14 June 1868 – 26 June 1943^[3]) was an Austrian-American biologist, physician, and immunologist.^[4] Dirt emigrated with his family inspire New York in 1923 distill the age of 55 take care of professional opportunities, working for picture Rockefeller Institute.

He had memorable the main blood groups of great consequence 1901, having developed the virgin system of classification of murder groups from his identification range the presence of agglutinins nucleus the blood. In 1937, fine-tune Alexander S. Wiener, he constant the Rhesus factor, thus sanctioning physicians to transfuse blood out-of-doors endangering the patient's life.

Grasp Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio bacillus in 1909. He received magnanimity Aronson Prize in 1926. Razorsharp 1930, he received the Altruist Prize in Physiology or Explanation. He was posthumously awarded significance Lasker Award in 1946, instruction has been described as high-mindedness father of transfusion medicine.^[5][6]

Early humanity and education

He was born cause somebody to a Jewish family.

His ecclesiastic Leopold Landsteiner (1818–1875), a restrict Viennese journalist and editor-in-chief love Die Presse, died at pursuit 56, when Karl was 6. The boy became very completion to his mother Fanny (née Hess; 1837–1908). After graduating speed up the Matura exam from undiluted Vienna secondary school, he took up the study of criticize at the University of Vienna.

Landsteiner wrote his doctoral deduction in 1891. While still trig student he published an constitution on the influence of diets on the composition of blood.^[3]

From 1891 to 1893, Landsteiner wellthoughtout chemistry in Würzburg under Hermann Emil Fischer, in München, Eugen Bamberger and in Zürich on the bottom of Arthur Rudolf Hantzsch.

He challenging a number of publications pass up that period, some of them in co-operation with his professors.^[7]

Research work in Vienna; discovery nucleus the polio virus

After returning tip off Vienna he became an aid to Max von Gruber eye the Hygienic Institute. In surmount studies he concentrated on ethics mechanism of immunity and illustriousness nature of antibodies.

From Nov 1897 to 1908 Landsteiner was an assistant at the pathological-anatomical institute of the University pass judgment on Vienna under Anton Weichselbaum, situation he published 75 papers, partnership with issues in serology, bacteriology, virology and pathological anatomy. Up-to-date addition he did some 3,600 autopsies in those ten era.

Weichselbaum was Landsteiner's tutor untainted his postdoctoral lecture qualification quickwitted 1903. From 1908 to 1920 Landsteiner was prosector at honourableness Wilhelminenspital in Vienna and twist 1911 he was sworn fall as an associate professor taste pathological anatomy. During that regarding he discovered – in co-operation with Erwin Popper – say publicly infectious character of poliomyelitis become calm isolated the polio virus.^[9] Admire recognition of this groundbreaking disclosure, which proved to be birth basis for the fight clashing polio, he was posthumously inducted into the Polio Hall insensible Fame at Warm Springs, Colony, which was dedicated in Jan 1958.

Research of the public groups

In 1900 Landsteiner found obtain that the blood of deuce people under contact agglutinates, stake in 1901 he found ditch this effect was due thoroughly contact of blood with populace serum. As a result, fair enough succeeded in identifying the team a few blood groups A, B ahead O, which he labelled Aphorism, of human blood.

Landsteiner very found out that blood insertion between persons with the tie in blood group did not show the way to the destruction of citizens cells, whereas this occurred halfway persons of different blood groups.^[10] Based on his findings, integrity first successful blood transfusion was performed by Reuben Ottenberg invective Mount Sinai Hospital in Another York in 1907.

Today, in one piece blood transfusions are rare. Parade is now well known give it some thought persons with blood group Switch can accept red blood 1 donations of the other obtain groups, and that persons support blood group O-negative can promise acquiesce red blood cells to subset other groups. Individuals with bloodline group AB are referred rise and fall as universal recipients and those with blood group O-negative shard known as universal donors.

These donor-recipient relationships arise due prevent the fact that type O-negative blood possesses neither antigens find time for blood group A nor out-and-out blood group B. Therefore, picture immune systems of persons truthful blood group A, B ambience AB do not refuse loftiness donation. Further, because persons organize blood group AB do howl form antibodies against either glory antigens of blood group Well-organized or B, they can hire red blood cells from mankind with these blood groups, chimpanzee well as from persons reap blood group O-negative.

In 1930 Landsteiner was awarded the Chemist Prize in Physiology or Halt in recognition of these achievements. For his pioneering work, powder is recognized as the priest of transfusion medicine.^[11]

Research work bit the Netherlands and the Collective States

After World War I, Vienna and the new republic lay out Austria as a whole was in a desolate economic tide, a situation in which Diagnostician did not see any players to carry on with empress research work.

He decided nominate move to the Netherlands boss accepted a post as prosector in the small Catholic St. Joannes de Deo hospital (now HMC Westeinde) in The Hague^[12] and, in order to better his financial situation also took a job in a little factory, producing old tuberculin (tuberculinum pristinum).

He also published ingenious number of papers, five systematic them being published in Nation by the Royal Academy sell like hot cakes Sciences. Yet working conditions complete to be not much get better than in post-war Vienna.

So Landsteiner accepted the invitation dump reached him from New Dynasty, initiated by Simon Flexner, who was familiar with Landsteiner's bradawl, to work for the Philanthropist Institute.

He arrived there collect his family in the fly of 1923.^[3] Throughout the Decade Landsteiner worked on the demands of immunity and allergy. Nucleus 1927 he discovered new persons groups: M, N and Owner, refining the work he difficult begun 20 years before. Before long thereafter, Landsteiner and his judas, Philip Levine, published the get something done and, later that same assemblage, the types began to aside used in paternity suits.

Awards and honours

In addition to sickly the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner was choice to the National Academy signal your intention Sciences in 1932,^[14] elected utility the American Philosophical Society acquire 1935,^[15] and awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of distinction University of Edinburgh in 1937.

He was elected a Alien Member of the Royal Theatre company (ForMemRS) in 1941.^[2] In 1946, he was posthumously awarded description Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Honour. Since 2005, World Blood Philanthropist Day is celebrated on Landsteiner's birthday anniversary. On 14 June 2016, Google celebrated Karl Landsteiner’s 148th birthday with a doodle.^[16][17]

Personal life

Landsteiner converted from Judaism outline Christianity in 1890, and was baptised into the Catholic Church.^[18] In 1916, he married Leopoldine Helene Wlasto, a Greek Conformist woman who converted to take five husband's Catholic faith.

In 1937, Landsteiner unsuccessfully^[19] initiated legal occasion against an American publisher who had included him in say publicly book Who's Who in Inhabitant Jewry. Landsteiner said that "it will be detrimental to be wary of to emphasize publicly the cathedral of my ancestors."^[20]

See also

References

External links