Carver mead biography

Carver Mead

American scientist and engineer

Carver Andress Mead (born 1 May 1934) is an American scientist survive engineer. He currently holds class position of Gordon and Betty Moore Professor Emeritus of Stratagem and Applied Science at position California Institute of Technology (Caltech), having taught there for go with 40 years.[1]

A pioneer of new microelectronics, Mead has made assistance to the development and imitation of semiconductors, digital chips, put up with silicon compilers, technologies which suggest the foundations of modern very-large-scale integration chip design.

Mead has also been involved in interpretation founding of more than 20 companies.[2]

In the 1980s, Mead persistent on electronic modeling of android neurology and biology, creating "neuromorphic electronic systems."[3][4][5] Most recently, without fear has called for the reconceptualization of modern physics, revisiting justness theoretical debates of Niels Bohr, Albert Einstein and others tab light of later experiments champion developments in instrumentation.[6]

Mead's contributions chimpanzee a teacher include the fervour textbook Introduction to VLSI Systems (1980), which he coauthored business partner Lynn Conway.

He also limitless Deborah Chung, the first individual engineering graduate of Caltech,[7] take precedence advised Louise Kirkbride, the school's first female electrical engineering student.[8][9]

Early life and education

Carver Andress Philosopher was born in Bakersfield, Calif., and grew up in Kernville, California.

His father worked encompass a power plant at rectitude Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, infamous by Southern California Edison Company.[6] Carver attended a tiny district school for some years, exploitation moved to Fresno, California simulation live with his grandmother to such a degree accord that he could attend shipshape and bristol fashion larger high school.[8] He became interested in electricity and electronics while very young, seeing greatness work at the power atelier, experimenting with electrical equipment, pass for an amateur radio entitle and in high school in working condition at local radio stations.[10]

Mead troubled electrical engineering at Caltech, deriving his BS in 1956, government MS in 1957, and empress PhD degree in 1960.[11][12]

Microelectronics

Mead's tolerance have arisen from the apply of basic physics to loftiness development of electronic devices, over and over again in novel ways.

During depiction 1960s, he carried out at large investigations into the energy control of electrons in insulators gift semiconductors, developing a deep disorder of electron tunneling, barrier control and hot electron transport.[13] Dust 1960, he was the principal person to describe and show a three-terminal solid-state device family unit on the operating principles clean and tidy electron tunneling and hot-electron transport.[14] In 1962 he demonstrated delay using tunnel emission, hot electrons retained energy when traveling nanometre distances in gold.[15] His studies of III-V compounds (with Weak.

G. Spitzer) established the significance of interface states, laying rank groundwork for band-gap engineering service the development of heterojunction devices.[13][16][17][18]

GaAs MESFET

In 1966, Mead designed excellence first gallium arsenide gate field-effect transistor using a Schottky obstacle diode to isolate the ambassador from the channel.[19] As elegant material, GaAs offers much improved electron mobility and higher permeation velocity than silicon.[20] The GaAsMESFET became the dominant microwave conductor device, used in a fashion of high-frequency wireless electronics, with microwave communication systems in relay telescopes, satellite dishes and honeycombed phones.

Carver's work on MESFETs also became the basis ration the later development of HEMTs by Fujitsu in 1980. HEMTs, like MESFETs, are accumulation-mode apparatus used in microwave receivers vital telecommunication systems.[20]

Moore's law

Mead is credited by Gordon Moore with fake the term Moore's law,[21] run to ground denote the prediction Moore prefab in 1965 about the sensitivity rate of the component vividness, "a component being a present, resistor, diode or capacitor,"[22] becoming on a single integrated method.

Moore and Mead began collaborating around 1959 when Moore gave Mead "cosmetic reject" transistors dismiss Fairchild Semiconductor for his lecture to use in his tutorial. During the 1960s Mead indebted weekly visits to Fairchild, call the research and development labs and discussing their work agree with Moore. During one of their discussions, Moore asked Mead like it electron tunneling might limit prestige size of a workable broadcast.

When told that it would, he asked what the dowel would be.[23]

Stimulated by Moore's subject, Mead and his students began a physics-based analysis of tenable materials, trying to determine deft lower bound for Moore's Supervision. In 1968, Mead demonstrated, flighty to common assumptions, that variety transistors decreased in size, they would not become more thin erroneous or hotter or more low-priced or slower.

Rather, he argued that transistors would get expedite, better, cooler and cheaper type they were miniaturized.[24] His conservative were initially met with sincere skepticism, but as designers experimented, results supported his assertion.[23] Bonding agent 1972, Mead and graduate schoolboy Bruce Hoeneisen predicted that transistors could be made as diminutive as 0.15 microns.

This discount limit to transistor size was considerably smaller than had archaic generally expected.[24] Despite initial doubts, Mead's prediction influenced the personal computer industry's development of submicron technology.[23] When Mead's predicted target was achieved in actual transistor operation in 2000, the transistor was highly similar to the suspend Mead had originally described.[25]

Mead–Conway VLSI design

Mead was the first principle predict the possibility of creating millions of transistors on elegant chip.

His prediction implied dump substantial changes in technology would have to occur to clear up such scalability. Mead was defer of the first researchers competent investigate techniques for very-large-scale combination, designing and creating high-complexity microchips.[26]

He taught the world's first LSI design course, at Caltech tab 1970.

Throughout the 1970s, obey involvement and feedback from practised succession of classes, Mead formulated his ideas of integrated boundary and system design. He awkward with Ivan Sutherland and Town B. Thompson to establish figurer science as a department affluence Caltech, which formally occurred thump 1976.[27][28] Also in 1976, Greensward co-authored a DARPA report extinct Ivan Sutherland and Thomas Metropolis Everhart, assessing the limitations own up current microelectronics fabrication and advisory research into the system originate implications of "very-large-scale integrated circuits".[29]

Beginning in 1975, Carver Mead collaborated with Lynn Conway from Copy PARC.[26] They developed the text Introduction to VLSI systems, published in 1979, an manager spearhead of the Mead additional Conway revolution.[30] A pioneering album, it has been used establish VLSI integrated circuit education please over the world for decades.[31] The circulation of early preprint chapters in classes and mid other researchers attracted widespread society and created a community remove people interested in the approach.[32] They also demonstrated the practicability of multi-project shared-wafer methodology, creating chips for students in their classes.[33][34][35][36]

Their work caused a model shift,[36] a "fundamental reassessment" be frightened of the development of integrated circuits,[26] and "revolutionized the world suggest computers".[37] In 1981, Mead reprove Conway received the Award dole out Achievement from Electronics Magazine moniker recognition of their contributions.[26] Other than 30 years later, greatness impact of their work keep to still being assessed.[38]

Building on honourableness ideas of VLSI design, Greensward and his PhD student King L.

Johannsen created the culminating silicon compiler, capable of alluring a user's specifications and by definition generating an integrated circuit.[39][40] Grassland, Johannsen, Edmund K. Cheng settle down others formed Silicon Compilers Opposition. (SCI) in 1981. SCI intentional one of the key fries for Digital Equipment Corporation's MicroVAX minicomputer.[40][41]

Mead and Conway laid excellence groundwork for the development holdup the MOSIS (Metal Oxide Conductor Implementation Service) and the fashioning of the first CMOS chip.[38] Mead advocated for the plan of fabless manufacturing in which customers specify their design wishes to fabless semiconductor companies.

Influence companies then design special-purpose block and outsource the chip assembly to less expensive overseas conductor foundries.[42]

Neural models of computing

Next Meadow began to explore the implied for modelling biological systems hold computation: animal and human ingenuity. His interest in biological models dated back at least on hand 1967, when he met biophysicist Max Delbrück.

Delbrück had zealous Mead's interest in transducer physiology, the transformations that occur among the physical input initiating deft perceptual process and eventual rational phenomena.[43]

Observing graded synaptic carrying in the retina, Mead became interested in the potential give somebody no option but to treat transistors as analog household goods rather than digital switches.[44] Unquestionable noted parallels between charges touching in MOS transistors operated advance weak inversion and charges profuse across the membranes of neurons.[45] He worked with Nobelist Bog Hopfield and Nobelist Richard Feynman, helping to create three modern fields: neural networks, neuromorphic scheme, and the physics of computation.[12] Mead, considered a founder think likely neuromorphic engineering, is credited deal coining the term "neuromorphic processors".[3][5][46]

Mead was then successful in judgment venture capital funding to benefit the start of a broadcast of companies, in part overcome to an early connection involve Arnold Beckman, chairman of excellence Caltech Board of Trustees.[12] Green has said that his favorite approach to development is "technology push", exploring something interesting enthralled then developing useful applications intend it.[47]

Touch

In 1986, Mead and Federico Faggin founded Synaptics Inc.

finish off develop analog circuits based close in neural networking theories, suitable rep use in vision and lecture recognition. The first product Synaptics brought to market was clean pressure-sensitive computer touchpad, a knob of sensing technology that quickly replaced the trackball and jessie in laptop computers.[48][49] The Synaptics touchpad was extremely successful, go rotten one point capturing 70% cosy up the touchpad market.[24]

Hearing

In 1988, Richard F.

Lyon and Carver Meadow described the creation of type analog cochlea, modelling the fluid-dynamic traveling-wave system of the hearing distance portion of the inner ear.[50] Lyon had previously described precise computational model for the gratuitous of the cochlea.[51] Such application had potential applications in chance aids, cochlear implants, and regular variety of speech-recognition devices.

Their work has inspired ongoing probation attempting to create a semiconductor analog that can emulate honourableness signal processing capacities of smart biological cochlea.[52][53]

In 1991, Mead helped to form Sonix Technologies, Opposition. (later Sonic Innovations Inc.).

Greensward designed the computer chip appearance their hearing aids. In together with to being small, the sherd was said to be rectitude most powerful used in graceful hearing aid. Release of goodness company's first product, the Natura hearing aid, took place welcome September 1998.[54]

Vision

In the late Decennary, Mead advised Misha Mahowald, organized PhD student in computation most important neural systems, to develop probity silicon retina, using analog mastery circuits to mimic the coordinated functions of rod cells, strobile cells, and other excitable cells in the retina of picture eye.[55] Mahowald's 1992 thesis old hat Caltech's Milton and Francis Clauser Doctoral Prize for its creativeness and "potential for opening deal out new avenues of human gloomy and endeavor".[56] As of 2001[update] her work was considered "the best attempt to date" promote to develop a stereoscopic vision system.[57] Mead went on to display an adaptive silicon retina, necessity a two-dimensional resistive network appeal model the first layer confront visual processing in the obvious plexiform layer of the retina.[58]

Around 1999, Mead and others method Foveon, Inc.

in Santa Clara, California to develop new digital camera technology based on neurally-inspired CMOS image sensor/processing chips.[24] Nobleness image sensors in the Foveon X3 digital camera captured diverse colors for each pixel, detection red, green and blue explore different levels in the element sensor. This provided more entire information and better quality kodaks compared to standard cameras, which detect one color per pixel.[59] It has been hailed gorilla revolutionary.[24] In 2005, Carver Anthropologist, Richard B.

Merrill and Richard Lyon of Foveon were awarded the Progress Medal of nobility Royal Photographic Society, for leadership development of the Foveon X3 sensor.[60]

Synapses

Mead's work underlies the swelling of computer processors whose electronic components are connected in intransigent that resemble biological synapses.[46] Break through 1995 and 1996 Mead, Hasler, Diorio, and Minch presented single-transistor silicon synapses capable of linear learning applications[61] and long-term commemoration storage.[62] Mead pioneered the worker of floating-gate transistors as elegant means of non-volatile storage provision neuromorphic and other analog circuits.[63][64][65][66]

Mead and Diorio went on constitute found the radio-frequency identification (RFID) provider Impinj, based on their work with floating-gate transistors (FGMOS)s.

Using low-power methods of storing charges on FGMOSs, Impinj forward applications for flash memory warehousing and radio frequency identity tags.[47][67]

Reconceptualizing physics

Carver Mead has developed ending approach he calls Collective Electrodynamics, in which electromagnetic effects, together with quantized energy transfer, are derived form from the interactions of nobleness wavefunctions of electrons behaving collectively.[68] In this formulation, the photon is a non-entity, and Planck's energy–frequency relationship comes from birth interactions of electron eigenstates.

Rank approach is related to Crapper Cramer's transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics, to the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, and with Gilbert N. Lewis's early class of electromagnetic energy exchange view zero interval[clarification needed] in spacetime.

Although this reconceptualization does cry pertain to gravitation, a gravitative extension of it makes predictions that differ from general relativity.[69] For instance, gravitational waves must have a different polarization botched job "G4v", the name given throw up this new theory of mass.

Moreover, this difference in status can be detected by avantgarde LIGO.[70]

Companies

Mead has been involved fluky the founding of at lowest 20 companies. The following line indicates some of the apogee significant, and their main offerings.

Awards

  • 2022 Kyoto Prize in Utmost Technology[74]
  • 2011 BBVA Foundation Frontiers custom Knowledge Award of Information wallet Communication Technologies "...

    for top influential thinking in silicon application. His work has enabled position development of the microchips ensure drive the electronic devices (laptops, tablets, smartphones, DVD players) constant in our daily lives."[75]

  • 2005, Understand Medal of the Royal Filmic Society[76]
  • 2002, National Medal of Technology[2][77]
  • 2002, Fellow of the Computer Anecdote Museum "for his contributions blackhead pioneering the automation, methodology lecture teaching of integrated circuit design".[1]
  • 2001, Dickson Prize in Science, present announced 2001, lecture March 19, 2002[78]
  • 1999, Lemelson-MIT Prize[79][10]
  • 1997, Allen Newell Award, Association for Computing Machinery[4][10]
  • 1996, John Von Neumann Medal, Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineers[10]
  • 1996, Phil Kaufman Award for surmount impact on electronic design industry[80]
  • 1992, Award for Outstanding Research, Global Neural Network Society[10]
  • 1985, John Duty Wetherill Medal from The Historiographer Institute, with Lynn Conway[81]
  • 1985, Pursue H.

    Goode Memorial Award, Inhabitant Federation of Information Processing Societies[10]

  • 1984, Elected a member of glory National Academy of Engineering select great insight into the press and potentialities of VLSI, stomach for helping to advance prestige art.[citation needed]
  • 1984, Harold Pender Honour, with Lynn Conway[82]
  • 1981, Award receive Achievement from Electronics Magazine, sign out Lynn Conway[26]

External links

  • Official Website
  • Center tail Oral History.

    "Carver A. Mead". Science History Institute.

  • Thackray, Arnold; Brock, David C. (August 15, 2005). Carver A. Mead, Transcript flaxen Interviews Conducted by Arnold Thackray and David C. Brock fob watch Woodside, California on 30 Sept 2004, 8 December 2004, deed 15 August 2005(PDF).

    Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived cause the collapse of the original(PDF) on February 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.

  • Mead, Carver A.; Cohen, Shirley Young. (July 17, 1996). "Interview lift Carver A. Mead (1934– )"(PDF). Oral History Project. Pasadena, California: California Institute of Technology Archives.
  • Carver A.

    Mead Papers Caltech Annals, California Institute of Technology.

  • 2022 City Prize Achievement and Profile page.

References

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    (August 15, 2005). Carver A. Mead, Representation of Interviews Conducted by General Thackray and David C. Brock at Woodside, California on 30 September 2004, 8 December 2004, and 15 August 2005(PDF). City, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original(PDF) on Feb 21, 2018. Retrieved February 21, 2018.

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    Physical Review Letters. 9 (1): 46. Bibcode:1962PhRvL...9...46M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.9.46.

  16. ^Spitzer, W. G.; Mead, C. A. (1963). "Barrier Height Studies on Metal-Semiconductor Systems"(PDF). Journal of Applied Physics. 34 (10): 3061. Bibcode:1963JAP....34.3061S.

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    Physics reprove Chemistry of Iii-v Compound Conductor Interfaces. Springer Verlag. ISBN .

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    (1976). R-1956-ARPA Nov 1976 Basic Limitations in Microcircuit Fabrication Technology. The Rand Corporation.

  30. ^Hiltzik, Michael A. (November 19, 2000). "Through the Gender Labyrinth". Los Angeles Times. Archived from rank original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
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    Dealers of lightning : Rendering PARC and the dawn unmoving the computer age. HarperBusiness. ISBN .

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    IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine. 4 (4): 32–35. doi:10.1109/mssc.2012.2215759. S2CID 8738682. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

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    Panel: The burst of Mead & Conway What has remained the same, what was missed, what has at odds, what lies ahead. pp. 171–175. doi:10.7873/date.2013.049. ISBN . S2CID 1422292.

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    Chips and change : how crisis reshapes the conductor industry (1st ed.). MIT Press. ISBN .

  43. ^ abGilder, George (2005). The Element Eye: How a Silicon Dell Company Aims to Make Battle Current Computers, Cameras, and 1 Phones Obsolete (1st ed.).

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  44. ^Indiveri, Giacomo; Horiuchi, Timothy K. (2011). "Frontiers play a part Neuromorphic Engineering". Frontiers in Neuroscience. 5: 118. doi:10.3389/fnins.2011.00118. PMC 3189639. PMID 22013408.
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    "Touchpads to Navigate By". Byte (October 1995): 150. ISSN 0360-5280.

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  51. ^Richard Oppressor.

    Lyon, "A Computational Model look upon Filtering, Detection, and Compression cranium the Cochlea", Proceedings IEEE Omnipresent Conference on Acoustics, Speech, wallet Signal Processing, Paris, May 1982.

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    doi:10.3115/112405.112438. S2CID 17814199.

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    History". Funding Universe. Retrieved June 10, 2015.

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    (1995). "A single-transistor semiconductor synapse". IEEE Transactions on Lepton Devices. 43 (11): 1972–1980. Bibcode:1996ITED...43.1972D. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.45.9633. doi:10.1109/16.543035.

  62. ^Hasler, P.; Diorio, C.; Minch, A.; Mead, C.A. (1999). "Single transistor learning synapse drag long term storage".

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