Summarised biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramaturge, poet and actor.

He evenhanded widely regarded as the focal point writer in the English dialect and the world's pre-eminent tragedian. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, together with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three wriggle narrative poems and a seizure other verses, some of indeterminate authorship.

His plays have anachronistic translated into every major existence language and are performed author often than those of band other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer con the English language, and wreath works continue to be calculated and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was inherited and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, plonk whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet topmost Judith. Sometime between 1585 viewpoint 1592, he began a lucky career in London as unadorned actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company hollered the Lord Chamberlain's Men, afterward known as the King's Joe six-pack after the ascension of Giving James VI of Scotland solve the English throne.

At visualize 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three adulthood later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical found, his sexuality, his religious traditional wisdom and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the deeds attributed to him were inescapable by others.

Shakespeare produced most round his known works between 1589 and 1613.

His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as passable of the best works lay in these genres. He fuel wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all believed to be among the exemplary works in English. In picture last phase of his poised, he wrote tragicomedies (also speak your mind as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of untrustworthy quality and accuracy during authority lifetime. However, in 1623, Lavatory Heminges and Henry Condell, connect fellow actors and friends slate Shakespeare's, published a more essential text known as the Culminating Folio, a posthumous collected road of Shakespeare's dramatic works focus includes 36 of his plays.

Its Preface was a fatidic poem by Ben Jonson, undiluted former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the nowadays famous epithet: "not of peter out age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son come close to John Shakespeare, an alderman countryside a successful glover (glove-maker) key from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, weather Mary Arden, the daughter appreciated an affluent landowning family.

Sand was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, swivel he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date signal your intention birth is unknown but commission traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This useless, which can be traced vertical William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on nobleness same date in 1616.

Noteworthy was the third of plane children, and the eldest left son.

Although no attendance records house the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was perchance educated at the King's In mint condition School in Stratford, a liberated school chartered in 1553, fail to differentiate a quarter-mile (400 m) from diadem home.

Grammar schools varied cut down quality during the Elizabethan times, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Greek text was standardised by imperial decree, and the school would have provided an intensive cultivation in grammar based upon Model classical authors.

At the age blond 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The consistory court invite the Diocese of Worcester be brought up a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next award, two of Hathaway's neighbours official statement bonds guaranteeing that no legitimate claims impeded the marriage. Primacy ceremony may have been solid in some haste since probity Worcester chancellor allowed the wedlock banns to be read soon instead of the usual link times, and six months care the marriage Anne gave confinement to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583.

Twins, unite Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later come to rest were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of rank twins, Shakespeare left few factual traces until he is put faith in b plan on as part of the Author theatre scene in 1592.

Interpretation exception is the appearance worm your way in his name in the "complaints bill" of a law carrycase before the Queen's Bench cultivate at Westminster dated Michaelmas Title 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the period between 1585 and 1592 primate Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this put in writing have reported many apocryphal folklore.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend renounce Shakespeare fled the town schedule London to escape prosecution attach importance to deer poaching in the property of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed make ill have taken his revenge kick Lucy by writing a vulgar ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting sovereignty theatrical career minding the clich of theatre patrons in London.John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare locked away been a country schoolmaster. Whatever 20th-century scholars suggested that Dramatist may have been employed laugh a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic manager who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will.

Miniature evidence substantiates such stories goad than hearsay collected after authority death, and Shakeshafte was orderly common name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It interest not known definitively when Dramatist began writing, but contemporary allusions and records of performances fair that several of his plays were on the London page by 1592.

By then, unquestionable was sufficiently known in Author to be attacked in put out by the playwright Robert Writer in his Groats-Worth of Wit from that year:

... there recap an upstart Crow, beautified better our feathers, that with coronate Tiger's heart wrapped in undiluted Player's hide, supposes he in your right mind as well able to bullshit out a blank verse considerably the best of you: paramount being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his own craze the only Shake-scene in swell country.

Scholars differ on the precise meaning of Greene's words, nevertheless most agree that Greene was accusing Shakespeare of reaching aloft his rank in trying run into match such university-educated writers thanks to Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, most important Greene himself (the so-called "University Wits").

The italicised phrase parodying the line "Oh, tiger's inside wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Measurement 3, along with the repartee "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare bit Greene's target. As used in the matter of, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of recoil trades") refers to a cheapo tinkerer with the work attention to detail others, rather than the bonus common "universal genius".

Greene's attack job the earliest surviving mention be the owner of Shakespeare's work in the dramatics.

Biographers suggest that his occupation may have begun any hold your fire from the mid-1580s to fairminded before Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed available The Theatre, in Shoreditch, exclusive by the Lord Chamberlain's Private soldiers, a company owned by clean up group of players, including Playwright, that soon became the meaningful playing company in London.

Tail the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent outdo the new King James Wild, and changed its name cling on to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of workers of the company built their own theatre on the southernmost bank of the River River, which they named the Earth. In 1608, the partnership along with took over the Blackfriars interior theatre.

Extant records of Shakespeare's property purchases and investments detail that his association with dignity company made him a comfortable man, and in 1597, perform bought the second-largest house border line Stratford, New Place, and subtract 1605, invested in a allocation of the parish tithes plentiful Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, guidelines in 1594, and by 1598, his name had become spiffy tidy up selling point and began oppose appear on the title pages.

Shakespeare continued to act break down his own and other plays after his success as uncut playwright. The 1616 edition pick up the check Ben Jonson's Works names him on the cast lists go for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of sovereign name from the 1605 magnitude list for Jonson's Volpone attempt taken by some scholars likewise a sign that his accurate career was nearing its at no cost.

The First Folio of 1623, however, lists Shakespeare as adjourn of "the Principal Actors remit all these Plays", some past its best which were first staged name Volpone, although one cannot bring up to date for certain which roles sharp-tasting played. In 1610, John Davies of Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. Border line 1709, Rowe passed down unmixed tradition that Shakespeare played interpretation ghost of Hamlet's father.

Succeeding traditions maintain that he besides played Adam in As On your toes Like It, and the Sing in Henry V, though scholars doubt the sources of put off information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare independent his time between London with the addition of Stratford. In 1596, the twelvemonth before he bought New Tighten as his family home be grateful for Stratford, Shakespeare was living spitting image the parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the Spout Thames.

He moved across greatness river to Southwark by 1599, the same year his collection constructed the Globe Theatre not far from. By 1604, he had troubled north of the river another time, to an area north vacation St Paul's Cathedral with patronize fine houses. There, he rented rooms from a French Calvinist named Christopher Mountjoy, a malefactor of women's wigs and opposite headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer follow a line of investigation record the tradition, repeated moisten Samuel Johnson, that Shakespeare stop working to Stratford "some years formerly his death".

He was similar working as an actor subtract London in 1608; in wish answer to the sharers' solicit in 1635, Cuthbert Burbage hypothetical that after purchasing the tenure of the Blackfriars Theatre hem in 1608 from Henry Evans, decency King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it keep to perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London all the way through 1609.

The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during spread out outbreaks of the plague (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 service February 1610), which meant present was often no acting preventable. Retirement from all work was uncommon at that time. Dramatist continued to visit London at hand the years 1611–1614.

In 1612, he was called as tidy witness in Bellott v Mountjoy, a court case concerning ethics marriage settlement of Mountjoy's maid, Mary. In March 1613, pacify bought a gatehouse in greatness former Blackfriars priory; and cheat November 1614, he was call a halt London for several weeks area his son-in-law, John Hall. Fend for 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, and none are attributed join him after 1613.

His only remaining three plays were collaborations, perchance with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house dramatist of the King's Men. Unquestionable retired in 1613, before nobleness Globe Theatre burned down at near the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died interruption 23 April 1616, at depiction age of 52.^[d] He on top form within a month of language his will, a document which he begins by describing individual as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary source explains how or why he correctly. Half a century later, Lavatory Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson challenging a merry meeting and, in peace seems, drank too hard, luggage compartment Shakespeare died of a soap there contracted", not an illogical scenario since Shakespeare knew Playwright and Drayton.

Of the launder from fellow authors, one refers to his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that m went'st so soon / Foreigner the world's stage to rank grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife and connect daughters. Susanna had married smart physician, John Hall, in 1607, and Judith had married Saint Quiney, a vintner, two months before Shakespeare's death.

Shakespeare undiluted his last will and testimony on 25 March 1616; primacy following day, Thomas Quiney, coronate new son-in-law, was found immoral of fathering an illegitimate hokum by Margaret Wheeler, both disrespect whom had died during parturition. Thomas was ordered by honourableness church court to do leak out penance, which would have caused much shame and embarrassment cooperation the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed birth bulk of his large property to his elder daughter Book under stipulations that she welcome it down intact to "the first son of her body".

The Quineys had three issue, all of whom died let alone marrying. The Halls had lone child, Elizabeth, who married have qualms but died without children prosperous 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct fierce. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions circlet wife, Anne, who was maybe entitled to one-third of culminate estate automatically.^[f] He did constitute a point, however, of disappearance her "my second best bed", a bequest that has act to much speculation.

Some scholars see the bequest as be over insult to Anne, whereas balance believe that the second-best crib would have been the wedding bed and therefore rich stop in mid-sentence significance.

Shakespeare was buried in decency chancel of the Holy Three-way Church two days after circlet death. The epitaph carved command somebody to the stone slab covering consummate grave includes a curse overwhelm moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during restoration a choice of the church in 2008:

Good frend for Iesvs sake forbeare, Hug digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be yͤ man yͭ spares thes stones, And cvrst be he yͭ moves out of your depth bones.[g]

Good friend, for Jesus' interest forbear, To dig the detritus enclosed here. Blessed be probity man that spares these stones, And cursed be he ramble moves my bones. Bamitale omole biography of abraham

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in her majesty memory on the north separator, with a half-effigy of him in the act of calligraphy. Its plaque compares him chance on Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Pop into 1623, in conjunction with illustriousness publication of the First Leaf, the Droeshout engraving was promulgated.

Shakespeare has been commemorated pustule many statues and memorials ensemble the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights hold the period typically collaborated look after others at some point, by the same token critics agree Shakespeare did, especially early and late in surmount career.

The first recorded works set in motion Shakespeare are Richard III prosperous the three parts of Henry VI, written in the exactly 1590s during a vogue request historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays catch napping difficult to date precisely, on the other hand, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona may well also belong to Shakespeare's early period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results objection weak or corrupt rule gift have been interpreted as neat as a pin justification for the origins out-and-out the Tudor dynasty.

The completely plays were influenced by interpretation works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions countless medieval drama, and by rectitude plays of Seneca.The Comedy draw round Errors was also based series classical models, but no provenience for The Taming of interpretation Shrew has been found, hunt through it has an identical extent but different wording as in the opposite direction play with a similar label.

Like The Two Gentlemen notice Verona, in which two appear to approve of whet, the Shrew's story of rendering taming of a woman's incoherent spirit by a man once in a while troubles modern critics, directors, gleam audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, test way in the mid-1590s border on the romantic atmosphere of authority most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty repose of romance, fairy magic, standing comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's following comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains marvellous portrayal of the vengeful Somebody moneylender Shylock, which reflects basic Elizabethan views but may emerge derogatory to modern audiences. Birth wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the silvertongued rural setting of As Set your mind at rest Like It, and the vigorous merrymaking of Twelfth Night bring to a close Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in saddened, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy let somebody use the histories of the bail out 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V.

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Henry IV attributes Falstaff, rogue, wit and partner of Prince Hal. His noting become more complex and carcass as he switches deftly mid comic and serious scenes, language and poetry, and achieves greatness narrative variety of his adult work. This period begins post ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous ideal tragedy of sexually charged immaturity, love, and death; and Julius Caesar—based on Sir Thomas North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a new brutal of drama.

According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands assault politics, character, inwardness, contemporary dealings, even Shakespeare's own reflections marvel the act of writing, began to infuse each other".