Duke of york 1664 biography

James II of England Biography

James's Palace in and authored Duke of York in Jan 27, He spent much panic about his early life in expatriation, following the execution of her majesty father during the English Courteous War. James himself was rescue from confinement at St. James's Palace in London in Apr and was taken, in cover, to The Hague. In , he became an officer move the French army and proverb active service under the Vicomte de Turenne.

James's exile exertion the continent exposed him adopt Roman Catholicism, and he forward his first wife eventually born-again to that religion. Unfortunately en route for him, the English people assumed Catholicism with great fear have a word with mistrust.


Return from exile
Insult his Catholicism, James returned flight exile with his older friar Charles II.

There was benefit from this time little prospect custom his becoming king, Charles tutor still a young man additional more than capable of begetting legitimate children (in view bad buy the number of illegitimate incline he already had).

James reclaimed picture title Duke of York.

In the same way Duke of York he was heavily involved in the scullion trade, the British end shop it being monopolised by ethics Royal African Company, of which he was head, and which the Stuart family set unsettle when they retook the pot in Thousands of his slaves were branded on the front with the letters 'DY'.

Similarly Lord High Admiral he needed the navy, and a keep from fact is that the permeate of New York was denominated after him following its be acquainted with by English forces in Greatness following year, he commanded greatness defeat of Dutch forces combat the Battle of Lowestoft.

Smartness suffered when the king was forced to introduce the Bite Act of , removing Catholics from official positions.

For spruce up period between and , let go remained in Scotland, where illustriousness religious controversy was made unexcitable more complex by the operation of the Presbyterians. James's activities there resulted in his convenient extremely unpopular.

Succession
When Physicist died without a legitimate son, in his fifties, James was next in line for loftiness thrones of both England streak Scotland.

He succeeded on authority throne on February 6, Operate was crowned on April 23, , at Westminster Abbey.

In spite of that, he never took the English coronation oath.

Catholicism
Many mass in Britain were extremely unsettled about a Catholic monarch. Attempts had already been made, insufficiently, to exclude him from say publicly succession. The first challenge get as far as his kingship came as in a minute as June 11, , considering that the Duke of Monmouth, stop up illegitimate son of King Physicist II and a Protestant, dismounted in the West Country lecture proclaimed himself king.

He was defeated at the Battle considerate Sedgemoor on July 5 tolerate executed at the Tower funding London a few days later.

Despite the lack of favoured support for Monmouth, the public's fears remained and were compounded by James's efforts to self-effacing religious tolerance for all minorities, including Catholics, and by realm apparent preference for Catholic administration, especially in Ireland.

Public theory became even more concerned considering that James tried to create orderly standing army. The activities emblematic his officials, such as nobility notorious Judge Jeffreys (who esoteric been responsible for rounding carry Monmouth's supporters in the south-west), added to James's reputation quota cruelty and thoughtlessness.

Marriage
Crook married twice, firstly Anne Hyde in Breda on Nov 24, Anne has the distinction leave undone being the last Englishwoman gap marry the heir to nobility English throne before Lady Diana Spencer.

She was the lass of Edward Hyde, later Peer 1 of Clarendon. Despite her proper parentage, she was not ostensible a suitable wife, and nobility marriage was kept secret imminent Anne was visibly pregnant; encompass all they had eight lineage, but only two daughters survived.:

Charles Stuart, Duke of Metropolis (October 22, - May 5, ).
Queen Mary II of England, Scotland, and Hibernia - (April 30, - Dec 28, ).

James Painter, Duke of Cambridge- (July 12, - May 22, ).
Queen Anne of Great Kingdom and Ireland - (February 6, - August 1, ).
Charles Stuart, Duke of Dye - (July 4, - June 20, ).
Edgar Dynasty, Duke of Cambridge - (September 14, - November 15, ).
Henrietta Stuart - (January 13, - November 15, ).

Catherine Stuart - (February 9, - December 5, ).
When James became Painful, the fact that his progeny presumptive were his daughters Prearranged and Anne, who were both Protestants, made the prospect recall a Catholic King more admissible to the British public. Government wife, the Duchess of Dynasty, however, died on March 31, , and on November 21, , James married Marie Beatrix d'Este, Princess of Modena (usually known as Mary of Modena), by whom he had sextet children.:

Catherine Laura Stuart - (January 10, - October 3, ).

Isabelle Stuart - (August 28, - March 2, ).
Charles Stuart, Earl of Cambridge - (November 7, - December 12, ).
Charlotte Maria Stuart - (August 16, - October 16, ).
James Francis Edward Royalty, Prince of Wales - (June 10, - January 1, ).
Louisa Maria Theresa Royalty - (June 28, - Apr 20,
James also challenging a number of illegitimate descendants, mostly by his long-standing live-in lover, Arabella Churchill.

These included Felon FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick and Henry FitzJames, 1st Baron of Albemarle.

The birth pan Prince James, a Catholic adult heir to the throne, exceedingly alarmed British Protestants. There were systematic attempts to prove depart the Prince was not character King's child: it was presumed that he was "suppositious," first-class foundling who had been bootleg into the royal birth convention in a warming pan.

In was no evidence for that, and the legitimacy of loftiness Prince could not be desperately challenged.

William of Orange
Honesty dissatisfaction with James, coupled collect alarm at the birth loom a Catholic heir, led draw near a conspiracy to replace him with his estranged daughter Nod and her husband William archetypal Orange, both dedicated Protestants.

Uncover William landed in England (at Brixham) with a large Nation army, the English army unpopulated to his side, and Criminal was left with no Dec 11, he was forced outline flee Britain, an event ramble effectively ended his reign.

Have a feeling January 28, , the Fantan of England decided that James' flight was an abdication outline the throne and therefore gave William and Mary the permissible right to assume power.

That coup d'état cemented the preference of parliament over monarch tell became known as The Honoured Revolution or the "Bloodless" Upheaval - though it was call the latter. The Estates extent Scotland followed this decision allocation April 11, James continued done reign in Ireland until character Battle of the Boyne album July 1, His apparently scared behaviour during a succession expose Jacobite defeats in the haven had won him no friends.

After this final defeat, Crook fled to France.

He was given a pension by Heavygoing Louis XIV of France, good turn lived in the royal château at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. He never on the record abdicated and continued to rescue the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland until his swallow up. However, he was reduced shout approval little more than a pledge in the great series goods intrigues between Louis and William.

Death
On September 16, , James died of a emotional haemorrhage in exile at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, near Paris, France.

He practical buried in the Church disruption Saint-Germain, at Saint-Germain-en-Laye. His opposing James (known as "the Aged Pretender") took up the Royalty cause (see Jacobitism).